Erfaniyat Dar Adab Farsi

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One of the most important factors which forms the literary content of a poem is the poet’s cognition and views about fatalism or free will. With this approach, drawing a conclusion becomes difficult because sometimes the poet reveals himself as a fatalist and sometimes talks about free will. Nowadays, cognitive psychologists describe poet’s dual approaches according to attributive styles. Psychologists believe that those who stick to fatalism have external control place and those with free will tendency have self control place. Saadi’s cognitive elements in his qazals include the place of internal and external controls as well as the cognitive errors which are the results of his control. The place of everybody’s control shows the person’s self esteem in controlling the events or his belief in destination, chance and uncontrollable factors. Cognitive errors include erroneous beliefs and self-made rules as well as the person’s mistakes. This study tries to prove that Saadi has his control places, and his cognitive errors have not only deviated him but have all been organized and controlled by him. Two cognitive errors which have been analyzed in this study are two-dimensional thought and tragedy creating. In a two-dimensional thought, the poet accepts his beloved with perfect love and passion; there is a perfect love without any defect. Tragedies are resulted from dual thoughts, and that means tragedy because of not having beloved. Since the two mentioned errors have been used by the poet as psychological elements, they have been named cognitive challenges in the present article.

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In this paper. personality dimensions of Abu Sa’id Abu al- Kheir as one of the grand scholars of mysticism was studied with respect to the text of Asar al -Tohid based on personality theories of Duane and Sydney Schultz ( Eysenck and Cattell).

Methodology used in this research was descriptive- analytic. This research was aimed at establishing relationship between modern psychology and old literature and establishing the personality dimensions of a grand mystic scholar based on scientific and psychological theories and their application of today. Where  as mystic scholars have comprehensive and perfect personality , they provide full- fledged role models  for human community, they are unique role models for all human as they have sublime personality in all respects. On the other hand , frequent approach of the humans to prominent mystic, political, historical and social figures in forming intellectual and lingual- literary and visual factors, is a fundamental issue that can account for the cultural, historical and social factors of the national literature.

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Hopelessness is one of the most prevalent themes in the artistic and literality works. There is that in Iranian literature as well. This paper aims, analyzes factors and components of expressions of despair in the lyrics Kalim Kashani, through a Psychological approach, which has been theorized by Abramson, Metalsky and Alloy, d has been named “Hopelessness theory of depression”. The results show: factors of disappointment on the Kalim‟s lyrics: 1. bitter experiences of anxiety 2. Lack of emotional life that has caused a sense of desperation in his poems. Considering on the lyrics Kalim Kashani were these Disappointment components: 1-negativity of self, the world and the future. 2. The sense of failure. 3. dissatisfaction with the status quo. 4.Isolation 5. Death friendship 6.extreme sadness. Based on the performed analysis can be claimed; sense of desperation on the lyrics has a humanist perspective, without divine backing. Rows with themes of trust and hope in God's mercy, they are rarely seen.

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One of Mawlawi’s psychological approaches is the process of Sublimation or Catharsis which is used to change and turn the inner desires of mankind to suitable desires that are acceptable and favourable to society and social constitutions. Since the nature of human-being is the best cradle for conflicts or oppositions of The Upper and Lower Desires (i.e. the former known as spiritual desires and the latter known as mundane desires), Mawlawi tries to conduct and lead the unacceptable inner desires of mankind in a specific way which is known as Psychological Sublimation. In other words, he tries to elite up human’s inner desires and ambitions and finally turn and change them into the favourable shapes which definitely results in manifestation, creative activity and Lahooti Ideas that are advantageous and beneficial for both mankind and society. This article investigates Mawlawi’s point of view and perspective upon human’s sexual desires considering the process of psychological sublimation and states that there is no need to eradicate or extinguish human’s instinctive sexual desire in order to achieve the mentioned goals, on the contrary, the accurate use of sexual desire under the influence of psychological sublimation and spiritual training would result in self-development, sustainability of the universe, development and further fruitful generations.